- Older people often present with different symptoms than younger people when they become ill. For instance, a senior having a heart attack may be short of breath or confused, rather than complain of chest pain. Similarly, an older person with pneumonia may fall or have little appetite instead of having a fever and cough.
- Older people often react differently than younger people to medications. Because of changes in body composition and liver, kidney and gut function, older adults are more sensitive to medications and often need lower doses. This includes medications that someone may have taken for years. It also applies to alcohol.
- Older people have reduced energy reserves. With advancing age, hearts become less efficient, lungs transfer less oxygen to the blood, more protein is needed for muscle synthesis, and muscle mass and strength decrease. The result: Older people tend to have less energy than in the past, even as they need more energy to perform everyday tasks. Hunger and thirst decline. People’s senses of taste and smell diminish, lessening food’s appeal. Loss of appetite becomes more common, and seniors tend to feel full after eating less food. The risk of dehydration increases.
- Cognition slows. Older adults process information more slowly and work harder to learn new information. Multitasking becomes more difficult, and reaction times grow slower. Problems finding words, especially nouns, are typical. Cognitive changes related to medications and illness are more frequent. These changes are normal and do not signify the onset of dementia.
- The musculoskeletal system is less flexible. Spines shorten as the disks that separate the vertebrae become harder and more compressed; older adults typically lose 1 to 3 inches in height as this happens. Balance is compromised because of changes in the inner ear, the brain and the vestibular system (a complex system that regulates balance and a person’s sense of orientation in space). Muscles weaken in the legs, hips and buttocks, and range of motion in joints contracts. Tendons and ligaments aren’t as strong, and falls and fractures are more frequent as bones become more brittle.
- Eyesight and hearing change. Older people need much more light to read than younger people. It’s harder for them to see the outlines of objects or distinguish between similar colors as color and contrast perception diminishes. With changes to the cornea, lens and fluid within the eye, it takes longer to adjust to sunlight as well as darkness.
- Because of accumulated damage to hair cells in the inner ear, it’s harder to hear, especially at high frequencies. It’s also harder to understand speech that’s rapid and loaded with information or that occurs in noisy environments.
- Sleep becomes fragmented. It takes longer for older people to fall asleep, and they sleep more lightly, awakening more in the night.
This is by no means a complete list of the physiological changes that occur as we grow older. And it leaves out the many ways people can adapt to their new normal, something Leipzig spends a great deal of time discussing.
A partial list of Leipzig’s recommended adaptations, organized roughly by the topics above:
- Don’t ignore sudden changes in functioning; seek medical attention.
- At every doctor’s visit, ask why you’re taking medications, whether doses are appropriate and whether medications can be stopped.
- Be physically active.
- Make sure you eat enough protein. Drink liquids even when you aren’t thirsty.
- Cut down on multitasking and work at your own pace.
- Do balance and resistance exercises.
- Have your eyes checked every year.
- Get hearing aids if you’re straining to participate in conversations.
- Don’t exercise, drink alcohol or eat a heavy meal within two to three hours of bedtime.
“Never say never,” Leipzig said. “There is almost always something that can be done to improve your situation as you grow older, if you’re willing to do it.”
KFF Health News, formerly known as Kaiser Health News or KHN, is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF
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